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                    <text>The

Mozart's 

Marriage
of

Figaro

�STATE UNIVERSITY OF NE W YORK  AT BINGHAMTON
THE  MUSIC  AND  THEATER  DEPARTMENTS
WITH  THE  SUPPORT  OF THE  STUDENT  ASSOCIATION
AND OPERA  WORKSHOP
Present

T h e  M a r r i a g e  o f  F i g a r o
Music by WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

Libretto by LORENZO DA PONTE
(after Beaumarchais’ “La Folle Journée ou Le Mariage de Figaro”)
English version by RUTH and THOMAS MARTIN
Conducted by PEYTON HIBBITT
Directed by CARMEN SAVOCA
Scenery  designed  by  LLOYD  BURLINGAME
(for Manhattan School of  Music, 1973)
Costumes by BROOKS­VAN H ORN, New York City
Lighting by RACHEL BUDIN

Choreography by  JOAN  KUNSCH
Stage Manager, NANCY ROPER

Technical Director, JEFF  WACHTEL

APRIL 27, 29 and  MAY 1, 1976  —  8:00 p.m.
in the Don A .  Watters Theater

�CAST

(in order of appearance)
April 27 

April 29 

May 1

Figaro 

Gary S. Levine 

John R. Hughes 

Gary S. Levine

Susanna 

Mary Ann Ferraiolo  Victoria Devany  Mary Ann Ferraiolo

Dr. Bartolo 

Eugene Sawczyn 

Eugene Sawczyn  Eugene Sawczyn

M arcellina 

Alma Mora 

Alma Mora 

C herubino 

Karen L. Haight 

Jacquelyne Garms  Karen L. Haight

Count Almaoioa 

Michael D. Quinn  Robert Cuarino 

Don Basilio 

Kevin McDermott  Preston Stockman  Kevin McDermott

Valet of  the Count

Chambermaid of  the Countess
A Doctor from Seville

The Count’s page

Music Master

Alma Mora

Michael D. Quinn

Countess Almaoiva Rachel Gardner 

Susan Ball 

Antonio 

Richard Bartmon 

Richard Bartmon  Thomas Fordham

Don Curzio 

Kevin McDermott  Kevin McDermott  Preston Stockman

Barbarina 

Ellen Beattie 

Almaviva

The Count’s gardener
A judge

Antonio’s daughter

Jill Small 

Rachel Gardner

Jill Small

Servants of the castle, dancers and villagers

Chris Arneson will understudy all performances of Anton io

Jacquelyne Carms will understudy all performances of  Marcellina
Gary S. Levine will understudy all performances of Dr. Bartolo
* 

» 

Q 

*

The action  covers  one  day  and  takes place in the Castle and grounds  of
Aguas Frescas, the domain of Count Almaviva near Seville, in the eighteenth
century.
ACT I–A Room in the Castle
Intermission
ACT  II– The Countess’ Boudoir
Intermission
ACT  III–The Hall of the Castle
ACT IV–The Garden of the Castle
Count Almaviva, bent on winning the favor of Susanna before her wedding
to his valet, Figaro, tries to jeopardize the latter’s marriage with the help of
several  underlings,  Basilio,  Marcellina  and  Bartolo, who are  promoting  a
wedding of Figaro to Marcellina. The Countess, neglected by her husband,
joins forces with Susanna and the crafty Figaro, and by means of  a clever
scheme, the Count is ﬁnally obliged to return to his wife and to unite Figaro
and Susanna.
( By arrangement  with  G. Schirmer, Inc., publisher and  copyright  owner)

�NOTES
The year 1775 saw the premiere performance of Caron de Beaumarchais’
comedy The Barber  cf  Seville. The play  was  so  successful that the  author
was moved a few years later to present to the public, in the words of  one
critic, “that  rare occurrence in  literature, a  true  sequel, “The  Marriage  of

Figaro.” In the original play, Figaro, the barber, had placed  his ingenuity at
the service of  the Count Almaviva to help  win the Count’s beloved Rosina
from her guardian, Dr. Bartolo. In characteristic 18th­century  manner,  the
plot  abounded  in  complex  stage  situations  involving  disguises,  mistaken
identities, and confusions piled on  confusions.  At  the end, love triumphed,
the Count won Rosina, and Figaro was handsomely paid.
Any aspects of  The  Barber  of  Seville that  might  have been  considered
suspect at the time were only lightly suggested, and would certainly escape
notice today. They were, however, implicit in the idea that a member of the
servant class could be shown  to be cleverer than  his master, a  member of

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the aristocratic class. But, of  course, clever servants spouti ng sly witticisms

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were familiar from the comic style of  this time, and were not looked upon
with disapproval, even in a France on the verge of  a revolution.  With his
Marriage of  Figaro, on the other hand, as Beaumarchais  explored  the  fur­
ther fortunes of  the Count,  Rosina  ( now his Countess )  and  Figaro  ( now
the Count’s valet ) the tone changed. To be sure, the 18th­century apparatus
is still there: the mistaken identities, disguises, the continual hiding behind
chairs  and in  closets,  and  even  the  unexpected  identiﬁcation  of  the  long­
lost child at a most astonishin g moment. But with one fundamental change
in  the situation,  Beaumarchais  magniﬁed  the pre­revolutionary  tendencies
of his original story. For now master and  servant no longer band  together
to outwit some foolish old man; indeed, master and servant are at odds with

each other. And the goal toward which they  both strive is patently less an
object for humor. In The Barber  of  Seville the goal was  to  win  the pretty
young lady away from her elderly guardian, who wanted to marry her him­
self. But in The Marriage of  Figaro, where it is the barber’s turn to ﬁnd love
and  marriage,  the  count,  already  tiring  of  his  wife,  longs  to  revive  the
ancient  feudal  rights  that  allowed  the  lord  of  the  manor  to  seduce  any
young  servant  girl on  her  wedding  night  before  she was  united  with  her
husband. The object of this mutual concern is Suzanna, the Countess’ maid,
once  again  a  clever  and  attractive  18th­century  comic  servant  girl.  Of

course, we never really worry for a moment that the count will succeed  in
persuading her to comply with his  wishes. She  and  Figaro  always  control

the  situation,  even  at  its  most  complex  and  bewildering.  And  it  certainly
does get bewildering! For the stage swarms with characters, some from  the
earlier play and others newly invented for  this one.  There  is  Don  Basilio,
Rosina’s old music teacher, now functioning  as  a go­between  to carry  the
Count’s secret messages to Su zanna (what the count does n ot realize is that
whatever Basilio knows the rest of the castle will also know in short time ) ;
there is Dr. Bartolo, still smarting over the loss of  his Rosina, and  thirsting
for an opportunity to take revenge on Figaro; there is Marcellina, Bartolo’s
old house servant, who had,  some years past, loaned Figaro money  on  the
condition that if he could not repay it he would marry her ( clearly, we must
not look for too much realism in these situations, but simply  take them  as

L

i

�they are given ) ; there is Antonio, the gardener, who cannot understand why
the people in the castle have to  jump out of  the windows  onto his  ﬂower
pots; there is  Barbarina, the gardener’s da ughter, available to any number
of  people in  the castle  to carry messages and perform other  services. And
ﬁnally  we  have  Cherubino  and  the Countess,  probably  the  two  most  re­
markable ﬁgures in this work . More about them in a mom ent.
When Lorenzo da Ponte, a fascinating ﬁgure in many ways and a genuine
literary talent, set about to convert Beaum archais’ comed y into a libretto f or

an opera, he had to do more than merely versify the prose passages so they
could be accommodated to a musical setting. He had to remove the political

statements f rom the play so that nothing  was lef t’but the basic plot intrigue.

All of  Figaro’s soliloquies like the following were of  necessity  eliminated:
“No, my Lord Count, you shall not have her! Because you are a great noble­
man,  you  think  you  are  a  genius.  Nobility,  fortune,  rank,  position,  how
proud they make a man feel! But what have you done to deserve these ad­
vantages? You went to the trouble of being born, that’s all. Aside from  that,
you’re a very  ordinary man. Whereas I, lost in the dark crowd, have  more
knowledge, more skill,  . .  .” and so on.  It was passages like this that led
Napoleon to comment that this play was indeed “the revolution in action.”
So the book Mozart received to set to music no longer contained any politi­
cal implications; what was left was a colorf ul panorama ﬁlled with a variety
of  ﬁgures all of  whom act, react, and interact motivated  ( and this is truly
the key to the opera!) by their sexual feelings. For Figaro and Suzanna, their
physical feelings for each other are a direct expression of  their love; for the
Count, egotism  and vanity  force  him  to envisage himself  as  a  virile  con­
queror;  to  Bartolo, frustrated  sexual  feelings  have  turned  to  a  desire  for
revenge which is relished wi th all the plea sure a libertine brings to a seduc­
tion;  to  Basilio,  other  people’s  feelings  and  escapades  stimulate  him  and
turn  him  into  a  comic  lip­smacking  gossip.  To  the  elderly  Marcellina,  no
longer  attractive  and  never  chaste,  it  seems  perfectly  acceptable  to  use

money and  coercion  to achieve  sexual  ends;  to  Barbarina,  the  gardener’s
daughter, sex  is something one plays  with  as openly  and  innocently  as  a
child plays with a toy. Which brings me round once again to the two last
characters: the Countess and  Cherubino.
It is  strange to realize that the digniﬁed  Countess of  The  Marriage of
Figaro was, only a  few years earlier, the charming, impish Rosina  of  The
Barber of  Seville. Da Ponte (unlike Beaumarchais) reserves her entrance for
the  second  act of  the  opera, where, at her  initial  appearance, she casts a
serious  but  irresistably  appealing  color  over  the  entire  proceedings.  Now
no longer sought after by a handsome  young count  for marriage, she has
become, in much too short a time, a lonely woman who can no longer a ttract
her husband’s aﬀections, who must stand by and pretend not to notice as he
tries to seduce her maid, and who, much against her inna te sense of dignity,
must plot with  Susanna to ou twit and ultim ately recaptur e a n exposed and

embarrassed husband. She f aces one of life’s most bewildering truths :  that
sexual  feelings  cannot  be  compartmentalized,  limited,  or directed  in  an
exclusively rational way, not  even  through love.  Sex is life itself,  and life
blindly wills i ts own being. She will win her Count back at the end, per­
haps forever, perhaps for only a short tim e. But her serious, almost m elan­

choly persona lity is essentia l f or the total pi cture of this ta pestry, ﬁlling out

�the darker side of human feelings and giving this comedy some of  its more
sobering and touching  moments.
Finally we come to Cherubino, the  young  page,  the  beautiful  teenage
boy ( in the opera, as in the original play, always performed by a female)
infatuated with love. He loves them all :  Marcellina, Barberina, the Count­
ess, Suzanna; in short, he is in love with love. Weaving in and out of  the
action at all its crucial points, involved with everyone and with no one, he
becomes the abstract personiﬁcation of  the life force that moves the other
characters. He lives only for the breathless, undirected enthusiasm of  love
as it appears  in some  ideal  sphere,  embracing  all women  but  never  nar­
rowing down to anyone in particular. He is consumed with desire, but his
desire has yet to ﬁnd a speciﬁc object. It is in essence its own experience.
Cherubino is a  unique stage ﬁgure, at one and the same time a  character
in the story, as well as the embodiment of an archetype. And this dual role,
by turn realistic and symbolic, is  made  manifest  by the character’s  being
played by a woman. This creates an and rogynous ﬁgure that contains within
itself  male and female  in  union,  needs  nothing  outside  itself,  and  eﬀort­
lessly convinces us that desire, in  this case, is simply its own object.

And  it  is  this  movement  from  individual  character  to  abstract  per­
soniﬁcation that ultimately needs music for its completion. This is the rea­
son why, as successful as was Beauma rchais’ comedy, it was only  in  con­
junction with Mozart’s music that it attained its truly immortal shape. For
only when music and theater combine in one, can stage characters function
simultaneously  as  individuals  and  personiﬁcations.  And  now,  concluding
my essay, I ﬁnd that I have said nothing about Mozart’s music. And  I will
saying nothing beyond one comment  that may  throw some light, not only
on this work, but on  Mozart’s style in  general.  Through a  saturation with
19th­century musical styles, we tend to associate “love music,” certainly  at
its most passionate and sexually explicit, with a sound very diﬀerent from
that oﬀered  by Mozart. Wagner, Tchaikovsky, and  Chopin all oﬀer us fa­
miliar  examples of  love  music  replete  with  expressive  melodies  and  har­
monies, and rich orchestral textures rising to passionate climaxes.  Mozart,
however,  approaches  not  the  surface  expression  of  love  but  the  power
behind it, the energy of life itself that ﬁnds its most forceful expression in the
sexual drive. In Mozart’s music, and certainly in this opera, the drives that
animate these characters in so  many varied ways are  captured in a music
that moves with a  seemingly inexhaustable invention  that  is astonishingly
fertile, continually tossing out new melodic ideas, rarely lingering to elab­
orate or develop their symphonic potentials, but spinning them out lyrically
and then dropping them to  go on to  some new  melodic idea.  Each char­
acter is given music that uniquely reﬂects his or her own personality as it
supplies a variation on, and a reﬂection of, the force that moves us all.
Philip Friedheim

�ORCHESTRA
BASSOONS
Lois Chantry
Principal
Valarie Durham

VIOLIN  I
Evelina Chao
Concertmaster
David Harrington
Bob Provell
Paul Turco
Olev Viro

CELLO
David Heiss
Principal
Michael Finchel
Holly Wilson

VIOLIN  II
Andrea Andros
Principal
Karen Fliegler
Marcia Miller
Evan Paris
Lydia Werbizky

F LUT ES
Nancy Becker
Sharon Kosakoﬀ
Susan Passanante
Karen Tax

BASS
Richard Thomas

TRUMPETS
Dave Bespalko
Principal
Scott Kelley
HARPSICHORD
Diane Pendleton

OBOES
Geoﬀrey Barron
Principal
Eliot Friedman

VIOLA
Larry Bradford
Principal
Barbara Corin

HORNS
Ken Steiger
Principal
Ed Deskur

CLARINETS
Wendy Osteyée
Principal
Paul Ketchoyian

TYMPAN I
Geoﬀrey Brooks

ORCHESTRA M ANAGER AND  LIBRARIAN:  Larry  Bradford

REHEARSAL  ACCOMPANISTS
Barbara Garges
Chai­Kyou Mallinson
Diane Pendleton
Q 

1k 

*

0! 

DANCERS
Cara Bujarsky
Colleen Friends

Carol  Hageman  ( assistant  to  Ms.  Kunsch)
Kate Ragan
Demaris Hollenbeak
Mary Meyer

W O R K S H O P  C H O R U S
MEN
Chris Arneson
Richard Bartmon
Thomas Fordham
Kevin McDermo tt
Stuart Silverman
Preston Stockman

WOMEN

Ellen Beattie
Susan Glass
Joan Jurich
Judi Kahan
Danette Lipten
Kim Lovett
Jill Small

�P R O D U C T I O N  S T A F F
Roberta Schlosser, David Clatworthy

Musical Preparation 

Stephanie  Herman

Properties  Mistress 

Terry  Di Massino

Make­up . 

Roy  Abbott, Rick Augustine, Howie Cantor,
Davis Weiss, Joe Houghtaling, Bob Volk

Stage Crew 
Electricans 

Karen  Molinelli, Ron  Katz

Wardrobe Mistress 

Gerri  Miller, Marie Ianotti
.. Karen  Tax

House  Manager . 

Tony Bednarcyzk

Box Oﬀice Manager 
Technical Consultants 

John Bielenberg, Linda Giese, Rob Robinson,
Judith Somogi, John Eloy Vestal, Lisbeth Roma

OPERA  PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITY
Harry B. Lincoln 

Roberta Schlosser

Alfred G. Brooks 

David Clatworthy

SUNY–BINGHAMTON  OPERA  WORKSHOP

Roberta Schlosser, director 

Jill Small, secretary

Richard Bartmon, president 

Rachel Gardner, treasurer

# 

* 

i 

*

A c k n o w l e d ge m e n t s
We would like to thank the following for their help and contribution to the
production  of  The  Marriage  of  Figaro:  Tri­Cities  Opera  Co.,  Roberson’s
Ballet Binghamton, WSKG, WBNG­TV, Michael Ennist, Joan Whiting, Chris
Focht, Etta Knapp, Duane Skrabalak, Joseph Kotylo, MacLennan  Flowers
Inc.

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                    <text>The

Mozart's 

Marriage
of

Figaro

�STATE UNIVERSITY OF NE W YORK  AT BINGHAMTON
THE  MUSIC  AND  THEATER  DEPARTMENTS
WITH  THE  SUPPORT  OF THE  STUDENT  ASSOCIATION
AND OPERA  WORKSHOP
Present

T h e  M a r r i a g e  o f  F i g a r o
Music by WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

Libretto by LORENZO DA PONTE
(after Beaumarchais’ “La Folle Journée ou Le Mariage de Figaro”)
English version by RUTH and THOMAS MARTIN
Conducted by PEYTON HIBBITT
Directed by CARMEN SAVOCA
Scenery  designed  by  LLOYD  BURLINGAME
(for Manhattan School of  Music, 1973)
Costumes by BROOKS­VAN H ORN, New York City
Lighting by RACHEL BUDIN

Choreography by  JOAN  KUNSCH
Stage Manager, NANCY ROPER

Technical Director, JEFF  WACHTEL

APRIL 27, 29 and  MAY 1, 1976  —  8:00 p.m.
in the Don A .  Watters Theater

�CAST

(in order of appearance)
April 27 

April 29 

May 1

Figaro 

Gary S. Levine 

John R. Hughes 

Gary S. Levine

Susanna 

Mary Ann Ferraiolo  Victoria Devany  Mary Ann Ferraiolo

Dr. Bartolo 

Eugene Sawczyn 

Eugene Sawczyn  Eugene Sawczyn

M arcellina 

Alma Mora 

Alma Mora 

C herubino 

Karen L. Haight 

Jacquelyne Garms  Karen L. Haight

Count Almaoioa 

Michael D. Quinn  Robert Cuarino 

Don Basilio 

Kevin McDermott  Preston Stockman  Kevin McDermott

Valet of  the Count

Chambermaid of  the Countess
A Doctor from Seville

The Count’s page

Music Master

Alma Mora

Michael D. Quinn

Countess Almaoiva Rachel Gardner 

Susan Ball 

Antonio 

Richard Bartmon 

Richard Bartmon  Thomas Fordham

Don Curzio 

Kevin McDermott  Kevin McDermott  Preston Stockman

Barbarina 

Ellen Beattie 

Almaviva

The Count’s gardener
A judge

Antonio’s daughter

Jill Small 

Rachel Gardner

Jill Small

Servants of the castle, dancers and villagers

Chris Arneson will understudy all performances of Anton io

Jacquelyne Carms will understudy all performances of  Marcellina
Gary S. Levine will understudy all performances of Dr. Bartolo
* 

» 

Q 

*

The action  covers  one  day  and  takes place in the Castle and grounds  of
Aguas Frescas, the domain of Count Almaviva near Seville, in the eighteenth
century.
ACT I–A Room in the Castle
Intermission
ACT  II– The Countess’ Boudoir
Intermission
ACT  III–The Hall of the Castle
ACT IV–The Garden of the Castle
Count Almaviva, bent on winning the favor of Susanna before her wedding
to his valet, Figaro, tries to jeopardize the latter’s marriage with the help of
several  underlings,  Basilio,  Marcellina  and  Bartolo, who are  promoting  a
wedding of Figaro to Marcellina. The Countess, neglected by her husband,
joins forces with Susanna and the crafty Figaro, and by means of  a clever
scheme, the Count is ﬁnally obliged to return to his wife and to unite Figaro
and Susanna.
( By arrangement  with  G. Schirmer, Inc., publisher and  copyright  owner)

�NOTES
The year 1775 saw the premiere performance of Caron de Beaumarchais’
comedy The Barber  cf  Seville. The play  was  so  successful that the  author
was moved a few years later to present to the public, in the words of  one
critic, “that  rare occurrence in  literature, a  true  sequel, “The  Marriage  of

Figaro.” In the original play, Figaro, the barber, had placed  his ingenuity at
the service of  the Count Almaviva to help  win the Count’s beloved Rosina
from her guardian, Dr. Bartolo. In characteristic 18th­century  manner,  the
plot  abounded  in  complex  stage  situations  involving  disguises,  mistaken
identities, and confusions piled on  confusions.  At  the end, love triumphed,
the Count won Rosina, and Figaro was handsomely paid.
Any aspects of  The  Barber  of  Seville that  might  have been  considered
suspect at the time were only lightly suggested, and would certainly escape
notice today. They were, however, implicit in the idea that a member of the
servant class could be shown  to be cleverer than  his master, a  member of

u

l

I]

t

l

‘I

the aristocratic class. But, of  course, clever servants spouti ng sly witticisms

A

were familiar from the comic style of  this time, and were not looked upon
with disapproval, even in a France on the verge of  a revolution.  With his
Marriage of  Figaro, on the other hand, as Beaumarchais  explored  the  fur­
ther fortunes of  the Count,  Rosina  ( now his Countess )  and  Figaro  ( now
the Count’s valet ) the tone changed. To be sure, the 18th­century apparatus
is still there: the mistaken identities, disguises, the continual hiding behind
chairs  and in  closets,  and  even  the  unexpected  identiﬁcation  of  the  long­
lost child at a most astonishin g moment. But with one fundamental change
in  the situation,  Beaumarchais  magniﬁed  the pre­revolutionary  tendencies
of his original story. For now master and  servant no longer band  together
to outwit some foolish old man; indeed, master and servant are at odds with

each other. And the goal toward which they  both strive is patently less an
object for humor. In The Barber  of  Seville the goal was  to  win  the pretty
young lady away from her elderly guardian, who wanted to marry her him­
self. But in The Marriage of  Figaro, where it is the barber’s turn to ﬁnd love
and  marriage,  the  count,  already  tiring  of  his  wife,  longs  to  revive  the
ancient  feudal  rights  that  allowed  the  lord  of  the  manor  to  seduce  any
young  servant  girl on  her  wedding  night  before  she was  united  with  her
husband. The object of this mutual concern is Suzanna, the Countess’ maid,
once  again  a  clever  and  attractive  18th­century  comic  servant  girl.  Of

course, we never really worry for a moment that the count will succeed  in
persuading her to comply with his  wishes. She  and  Figaro  always  control

the  situation,  even  at  its  most  complex  and  bewildering.  And  it  certainly
does get bewildering! For the stage swarms with characters, some from  the
earlier play and others newly invented for  this one.  There  is  Don  Basilio,
Rosina’s old music teacher, now functioning  as  a go­between  to carry  the
Count’s secret messages to Su zanna (what the count does n ot realize is that
whatever Basilio knows the rest of the castle will also know in short time ) ;
there is Dr. Bartolo, still smarting over the loss of  his Rosina, and  thirsting
for an opportunity to take revenge on Figaro; there is Marcellina, Bartolo’s
old house servant, who had,  some years past, loaned Figaro money  on  the
condition that if he could not repay it he would marry her ( clearly, we must
not look for too much realism in these situations, but simply  take them  as

L

i

�they are given ) ; there is Antonio, the gardener, who cannot understand why
the people in the castle have to  jump out of  the windows  onto his  ﬂower
pots; there is  Barbarina, the gardener’s da ughter, available to any number
of  people in  the castle  to carry messages and perform other  services. And
ﬁnally  we  have  Cherubino  and  the Countess,  probably  the  two  most  re­
markable ﬁgures in this work . More about them in a mom ent.
When Lorenzo da Ponte, a fascinating ﬁgure in many ways and a genuine
literary talent, set about to convert Beaum archais’ comed y into a libretto f or

an opera, he had to do more than merely versify the prose passages so they
could be accommodated to a musical setting. He had to remove the political

statements f rom the play so that nothing  was lef t’but the basic plot intrigue.

All of  Figaro’s soliloquies like the following were of  necessity  eliminated:
“No, my Lord Count, you shall not have her! Because you are a great noble­
man,  you  think  you  are  a  genius.  Nobility,  fortune,  rank,  position,  how
proud they make a man feel! But what have you done to deserve these ad­
vantages? You went to the trouble of being born, that’s all. Aside from  that,
you’re a very  ordinary man. Whereas I, lost in the dark crowd, have  more
knowledge, more skill,  . .  .” and so on.  It was passages like this that led
Napoleon to comment that this play was indeed “the revolution in action.”
So the book Mozart received to set to music no longer contained any politi­
cal implications; what was left was a colorf ul panorama ﬁlled with a variety
of  ﬁgures all of  whom act, react, and interact motivated  ( and this is truly
the key to the opera!) by their sexual feelings. For Figaro and Suzanna, their
physical feelings for each other are a direct expression of  their love; for the
Count, egotism  and vanity  force  him  to envisage himself  as  a  virile  con­
queror;  to  Bartolo, frustrated  sexual  feelings  have  turned  to  a  desire  for
revenge which is relished wi th all the plea sure a libertine brings to a seduc­
tion;  to  Basilio,  other  people’s  feelings  and  escapades  stimulate  him  and
turn  him  into  a  comic  lip­smacking  gossip.  To  the  elderly  Marcellina,  no
longer  attractive  and  never  chaste,  it  seems  perfectly  acceptable  to  use

money and  coercion  to achieve  sexual  ends;  to  Barbarina,  the  gardener’s
daughter, sex  is something one plays  with  as openly  and  innocently  as  a
child plays with a toy. Which brings me round once again to the two last
characters: the Countess and  Cherubino.
It is  strange to realize that the digniﬁed  Countess of  The  Marriage of
Figaro was, only a  few years earlier, the charming, impish Rosina  of  The
Barber of  Seville. Da Ponte (unlike Beaumarchais) reserves her entrance for
the  second  act of  the  opera, where, at her  initial  appearance, she casts a
serious  but  irresistably  appealing  color  over  the  entire  proceedings.  Now
no longer sought after by a handsome  young count  for marriage, she has
become, in much too short a time, a lonely woman who can no longer a ttract
her husband’s aﬀections, who must stand by and pretend not to notice as he
tries to seduce her maid, and who, much against her inna te sense of dignity,
must plot with  Susanna to ou twit and ultim ately recaptur e a n exposed and

embarrassed husband. She f aces one of life’s most bewildering truths :  that
sexual  feelings  cannot  be  compartmentalized,  limited,  or directed  in  an
exclusively rational way, not  even  through love.  Sex is life itself,  and life
blindly wills i ts own being. She will win her Count back at the end, per­
haps forever, perhaps for only a short tim e. But her serious, almost m elan­

choly persona lity is essentia l f or the total pi cture of this ta pestry, ﬁlling out

�the darker side of human feelings and giving this comedy some of  its more
sobering and touching  moments.
Finally we come to Cherubino, the  young  page,  the  beautiful  teenage
boy ( in the opera, as in the original play, always performed by a female)
infatuated with love. He loves them all :  Marcellina, Barberina, the Count­
ess, Suzanna; in short, he is in love with love. Weaving in and out of  the
action at all its crucial points, involved with everyone and with no one, he
becomes the abstract personiﬁcation of  the life force that moves the other
characters. He lives only for the breathless, undirected enthusiasm of  love
as it appears  in some  ideal  sphere,  embracing  all women  but  never  nar­
rowing down to anyone in particular. He is consumed with desire, but his
desire has yet to ﬁnd a speciﬁc object. It is in essence its own experience.
Cherubino is a  unique stage ﬁgure, at one and the same time a  character
in the story, as well as the embodiment of an archetype. And this dual role,
by turn realistic and symbolic, is  made  manifest  by the character’s  being
played by a woman. This creates an and rogynous ﬁgure that contains within
itself  male and female  in  union,  needs  nothing  outside  itself,  and  eﬀort­
lessly convinces us that desire, in  this case, is simply its own object.

And  it  is  this  movement  from  individual  character  to  abstract  per­
soniﬁcation that ultimately needs music for its completion. This is the rea­
son why, as successful as was Beauma rchais’ comedy, it was only  in  con­
junction with Mozart’s music that it attained its truly immortal shape. For
only when music and theater combine in one, can stage characters function
simultaneously  as  individuals  and  personiﬁcations.  And  now,  concluding
my essay, I ﬁnd that I have said nothing about Mozart’s music. And  I will
saying nothing beyond one comment  that may  throw some light, not only
on this work, but on  Mozart’s style in  general.  Through a  saturation with
19th­century musical styles, we tend to associate “love music,” certainly  at
its most passionate and sexually explicit, with a sound very diﬀerent from
that oﬀered  by Mozart. Wagner, Tchaikovsky, and  Chopin all oﬀer us fa­
miliar  examples of  love  music  replete  with  expressive  melodies  and  har­
monies, and rich orchestral textures rising to passionate climaxes.  Mozart,
however,  approaches  not  the  surface  expression  of  love  but  the  power
behind it, the energy of life itself that ﬁnds its most forceful expression in the
sexual drive. In Mozart’s music, and certainly in this opera, the drives that
animate these characters in so  many varied ways are  captured in a music
that moves with a  seemingly inexhaustable invention  that  is astonishingly
fertile, continually tossing out new melodic ideas, rarely lingering to elab­
orate or develop their symphonic potentials, but spinning them out lyrically
and then dropping them to  go on to  some new  melodic idea.  Each char­
acter is given music that uniquely reﬂects his or her own personality as it
supplies a variation on, and a reﬂection of, the force that moves us all.
Philip Friedheim

�ORCHESTRA
BASSOONS
Lois Chantry
Principal
Valarie Durham

VIOLIN  I
Evelina Chao
Concertmaster
David Harrington
Bob Provell
Paul Turco
Olev Viro

CELLO
David Heiss
Principal
Michael Finchel
Holly Wilson

VIOLIN  II
Andrea Andros
Principal
Karen Fliegler
Marcia Miller
Evan Paris
Lydia Werbizky

F LUT ES
Nancy Becker
Sharon Kosakoﬀ
Susan Passanante
Karen Tax

BASS
Richard Thomas

TRUMPETS
Dave Bespalko
Principal
Scott Kelley
HARPSICHORD
Diane Pendleton

OBOES
Geoﬀrey Barron
Principal
Eliot Friedman

VIOLA
Larry Bradford
Principal
Barbara Corin

HORNS
Ken Steiger
Principal
Ed Deskur

CLARINETS
Wendy Osteyée
Principal
Paul Ketchoyian

TYMPAN I
Geoﬀrey Brooks

ORCHESTRA M ANAGER AND  LIBRARIAN:  Larry  Bradford

REHEARSAL  ACCOMPANISTS
Barbara Garges
Chai­Kyou Mallinson
Diane Pendleton
Q 

1k 

*

0! 

DANCERS
Cara Bujarsky
Colleen Friends

Carol  Hageman  ( assistant  to  Ms.  Kunsch)
Kate Ragan
Demaris Hollenbeak
Mary Meyer

W O R K S H O P  C H O R U S
MEN
Chris Arneson
Richard Bartmon
Thomas Fordham
Kevin McDermo tt
Stuart Silverman
Preston Stockman

WOMEN

Ellen Beattie
Susan Glass
Joan Jurich
Judi Kahan
Danette Lipten
Kim Lovett
Jill Small

�P R O D U C T I O N  S T A F F
Roberta Schlosser, David Clatworthy

Musical Preparation 

Stephanie  Herman

Properties  Mistress 

Terry  Di Massino

Make­up . 

Roy  Abbott, Rick Augustine, Howie Cantor,
Davis Weiss, Joe Houghtaling, Bob Volk

Stage Crew 
Electricans 

Karen  Molinelli, Ron  Katz

Wardrobe Mistress 

Gerri  Miller, Marie Ianotti
.. Karen  Tax

House  Manager . 

Tony Bednarcyzk

Box Oﬀice Manager 
Technical Consultants 

John Bielenberg, Linda Giese, Rob Robinson,
Judith Somogi, John Eloy Vestal, Lisbeth Roma

OPERA  PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITY
Harry B. Lincoln 

Roberta Schlosser

Alfred G. Brooks 

David Clatworthy

SUNY–BINGHAMTON  OPERA  WORKSHOP

Roberta Schlosser, director 

Jill Small, secretary

Richard Bartmon, president 

Rachel Gardner, treasurer

# 

* 

i 

*

A c k n o w l e d ge m e n t s
We would like to thank the following for their help and contribution to the
production  of  The  Marriage  of  Figaro:  Tri­Cities  Opera  Co.,  Roberson’s
Ballet Binghamton, WSKG, WBNG­TV, Michael Ennist, Joan Whiting, Chris
Focht, Etta Knapp, Duane Skrabalak, Joseph Kotylo, MacLennan  Flowers
Inc.

�</text>
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                    <text>STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORKAT BINGHAMTON

Harpur College
Department of Music

LENOX QUARTET
with

guest artist

WALTER PONCE, piano

Summer Series
June 6, 1975 at 8:30 p.m.
University Union Social Room

�SUMMER SERIES
FOUR EVENINGS OF CHAMBER MUSIC

Delmar Pettys, Violin
Donald McCall, Cello
Walter Ponce, Piano
Trio Concert

JUNE 6

Trio Concert
Haydn Trio in G
Beethoven opus 70 no. 2
Brahms Trio in C major

Trio in G
Andante
Poco adagio. Cantible
Rondo all'ongarese

Franz Joseph Haydn

(guest artist Walter Ponce, piano)
JUNE 13

All Mozart Program

Trio Opus 70 no. 2
Ludwig van Beethoven
Poco sostenuto- Allegro ma non troppo
Allegretto
Allegretto, ma non troppo
Finale. Allegro

Quartet in G major, K. 387
Quartet in C major, K. 465
· -Quintet in G minor, K. 516
(with guest artist Judy Geist, viola)
JUNE 20

JUNE 27

Haydn Quartet opus 16 no. 4
Webern Five Pieces
opus 5
Schubert Quartet opus post.

D minor

Beethoven Quartet opus 132
Borodin Quartet no. 2 in D major

SERIES ADMISSION: $10 public, $3 students
SINGLE ADMISSION: $3 public, $1 students

INTERMISSION
Trio Opus 87
Allegro
Andante con moto
Scherzo. Presto- Poco meno Presto
Finale. Allegro giocoso

Johannes Brahms

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                    <text>ST ATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BINGHAMTON

UNIVERSITY CHORUS
AND ORCHESTRA
R. VAUGHAN WILLIAMS
TOWARD THE UNKNOWN REGION

I. STRAVINSKY
SYMPHONY OF PSALMS

GUSTAV HOLST
THE HYMN OF JESUS
with the HARPUR CHORALE

DAVID BUTTOLPH, Director

MONDAY, MAY 5

815 P.M.

�PROGRAM
1.

TOWARD THE UNKNOWN REGION

R. Vaughan Williams

Darest thou now O soul,
Walk out with me toward the unknown region,
Where neither ground is for the feet nor any path
to follow?
A special word of thanks to the chorus

No map there, nor guide,
Nor voice sounding, nor touch of human hand,
Nor face with blooming flesh, nor lips, nor eyes,
are in that land.

of treble soloists participating in this
evening's program.

I know it not O soul,
Nor dost thou, all is a blank before us,
All waits undreamed of in that region, that
inaccessible land.

TREBLE CHORUS
Mary Ann Ferraiolo
Elizabeth Hartman
Beverly Penn
Esther Pettengill

Till when the ties loosen,
All but the ties eternal, time and space,
Nor darkness, gravitation, sense, not any bounds
bounding us.

Lizabeth Campbell
Jeanne Falinski
Phyllis LaBelle
Ursala Raeth
Lynne Engstrom
Rachel Gardner
Jill Weston
Stacie Williams

Then we burst forth, we float,
In time and space O soul, prepared for them,
Equal, equipt at last, (O joy! O fruit of all!)
them to fulfil O soul.
Walt Whitman.
2.

SYMPHONY OF PSALMS

Igor Stravinsky

Translation of the Text
Part I.

Verses 13 and 14 of Psalm No. 38

13.

Hear my prayer, O Lord, and my supplication.
Give ear to my tears. Be not silent:
for I am a stranger with Thee
and a sojourner, as all my fathers were.

14.

O forgive me, that I may be refreshed,
before I go hence, and be no more.

�Part II.

Verses 2, 3 and 4 of Psalm No. 39

2.

With expectation I have waited for the Lord
And he was attentive to me.

3.

And he heard my prayers,
and brought me out of the pit of misery,
and the mire of dregs.
And He set my feet upon a rock,
and directed my steps.

4.

And He put a new canticle into my mouth,
and a song to our God. Many shall see and fear:
and they shall hope in the Lord.
Part III.

any conventional sense as with the English oratorio
tradition--which is to say, there is virtually no
connection at all. The driving spirit of the work is
Holst's own intensely personal form of mysticism.
Now, as the Holst centenary approaches and passes,
the Englishness of his music stands out in proud relief,
but it can no longer be regarded as a parochial phenomenon. Its specifically Holstian integrity and warmth
of heart reach out ever more persuasively to listeners
everywhere, who find themselves in the 1970's unprecedentedly responsive to the life-celebrating directness
of a mysticism that is earth-based but not earthbound.
Richard Freed
February 1974

Psalm No. 150

*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Praise ye the Lord in His sanctuary;
praise Him in the firmament of His power.
Praise Him for His mighty acts:
praise Him according to the multitude of
His greatness.
Praise Him with the sound of the trumpet.
Praise Him with timbrel and choir:
praise Him with strings and organs.
Praise Him on high sounding ymbals:
praise Him on cymbals of joy.
Let every spirit praise the Lord. Alleluia.

-----3.

THERE WILL BE A SHORT INTERMISSION

THE HYMN OF JESUS

------

Holst composed The Hymn of Jesus during the last
five months of 1917 and dedicated the work to his friend
and colleague Ralph Vaughan Williams. For his text he
drew on the Apocryphal Acts of St. John, which appealed
to him so strongly that he learned Greek in order to read
the original and make his own translation. In contrast to
the exultant vigor. of the Hymn itself he fashioned a
Tranquil Prelude, built on the plainsong hymns Vexilla
Regis and Pange Lingua and incorporating the Latin texts.
The Hymn of Jesus has little to do with "sacred music" in

*

HARPUR CHORALE
SOPRANO
Amy Beech
Cindy Carter
Margaret Donelian
Lauren Fleischer
Karen Haight
Judy Kahan
Diane Poe
Nancy Roper
Ruth Roper
Chris Scott
Sara Whitmore

Gustav Holst

Notes From the Preface to the Centennial Edition

*

ALTO
Karen Adler
Cheryl Choy
Sandra Gerber
Susan Glass
Vicky Gordon
Joan Jurich
Marjorie Millan
Jeannette Murphy
Nancy Perkins
Linda Shaw
Joy Smucker

TENOR
Roger Cruttenden
Ian Kirschner
Kevin McDermott
David Rosenman
Robert Sarachan
Arthur Sherry
Harold Weinberg
BARITONE
Richard Bartman
Dennis Burge
Geoffrey Magee
Richard Wiebe
Russell Senti
BASS
Richard Berent
Richard Briggs
Kenneth Martin
Barry Shpizner
John Tuttle

�THE ORCHESTRA

THE UNIVERSITY CHORUS
SOPRANO
Cath y Cast iglia
Judi th Elkin
Lois Fisc htha l
Ellen Gold stein
Laur ie Goodheim (Tre as.)
Terr y Hogan
Grac e Houg hton
Laur ie Kief fer
Debo rah Lemon
Dane tte Lipte n
Naomi Niss en
Emil y Park er
Harr iet Pene nsick
Jane t Pere tz
Kare n Pris ciot ta
Jodi Silb iger
Nore en Spot a
Loui se Ulric h
Amy Willi ams
ALTO
Clar a Budi n
Moll y Carg ile
Kare n Clut e
Ann Ehrl ich
Nancy Elmo re
Barb ara Fros t
Miria m Gelb er
Susa n Gold farb
Lesl ie Gree n
Ilene Grue nebe rg
Nancy Juliu s
Rhonda Klei n
Tsu Ning Ko
Jenn ie Lanzo
Sue Lawson (Sec 'y)
Judy Levi ne
Mari lyn Milkman
Dina h Ross
Judi th Schoolman
Jane Shea r

TENOR
Rich ard Brus ca
John Davi dge
Robe rt Fran kel
Lee Gart enbe rg
Alan Hymowitz
John Keel er
Mark Lanz e
Rich Ossi as
Edward Scha pper t
Stua rt Silve rman
(Pub lic' ty)
Jud Wall is
Floy d West
BARITONE
Lynn Ayle swor th
Pete r Bola n
Ian Cain
Richard Davi s
Michael Gawo recki
Mich ael Lam berta ,Pres
Tom Lamphere
Rich ard Mall inson
Andrew McKim
Davi d Mose
Stev e Smith
BASS
Doug Char les
Carl Dashman
Leon Glow
Mark Karpman
Mich ael Pier ce
Bern ie Sher edy
Paul Sweeny
Chai Kyu Mall inson
Rehe arsal Acco mpan ist

FLUTE
Sharo n Kosa koff
Abbi e King
Kare n Tax
Roni Gros s
Barb ara Bish ara
OBOE
Jeff Barro n
Jane t Zieb ur
Elain e Wein er
Mari lyn Schu lkind
Rich ard Stein er

Davi d Besp alko
Steve n Winans
TROMBONE
Rich ard Gower
Gran t Sulli van
BASS TROMBONE
Jame s Magacs
TUBA
Carm elo Com beria ti

ENGLISH HORN
Scot t Eddy

TIMPANI
Kent Oldf ield
Mart in Ricc iardi

CLARINET
Paul Ketc hoyia n
Anne Stern

PERCUSSION
Roy Wein berge r

BASS CLARINET
Robe rt Sarac han

PIANO
Cynt hia Pete rson
Chai Kyu Mall inson

CONTRABASS ALSO
Luci nda Bald win
BASSOON
Thomas Clos ser
Edward Wadin
Lois Chan try

ORGAN
Emily Park er
Ruth Rope r
CELESTE
Chai Kyu Mall inson

HARP
HORN
Steph en Couch
Kenn eth Steig er
Robi n Jackman
Kenn eth Weissman
TRUMPET
Alfre d Szym aniak
Robe rt Lind strom
Fred eric Bartm an

Nancy Juliu s
VIOLIN
Davi d Agar d
Prin cipa l
Geor ge Meyers
Olev Viro

�VIOLIN

Richard Leavitt
Oscar Maxwell
Betty Lou Agard
Mary Jane Wojtowitz
Principal
Susan Marks
Eliza Tan
Norman Reid
Fritz Loewenstein
Eileen Pasternak
BASS
Donal O'Buckley
Principal
Dominique Hyatt
James Hills
Robert Rohland
VIOLA

Peggy Acker
Principal
Jeffrey Brooks
Martha Cotton
Barbara Gorin
Dorothy Bases
Joyce Capani
CELLO
Janet Nepke
Principal
Seth Jacobs
Howard Cohen
Myra Greenstein
Christine Johnson
Tracy Stack
Miriam Wu

�</text>
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                    <text>SUNY Bingham ton

Departm ent of Music
presen ts

A Vocal Recita l by the Studen ts of David Clatwor thy
Barbar a Garges , at the piano
April 28, 1975

Jean Casadesus

8: 15 PM

Re ci tal

Hall

PART I

AN SYLVIA

SCHUBERT

EN SOURDINE

FAURÉ
Preston Stockman , tenor

SCHUBERT

LIED DER MIGNON
RASTLOSE LIEBE

DEBUSSY

LES INGÉNU S

(Fêtes Galante s II)
Margare t Doneli an, soprano

BRAHMS

FELDEINSAMKEIT

FAURÉ

PRISON

ADIEU
from Poème d'un J our

Richard Bartmo n, bariton e

SCHUBERT

AN DIE MUSIK

SELIGKEIT
DES MÄDCHENS

MENDELSSOHN

KLAGE

ANDRES MAIENLIED
(Hexen lied)

Ur sula Raeth, soprano

�TCHAIKOVSKY

MIGNON'S SONG

THE CZAR'S DRINKING HOUSE

LONELY AGAIN
DON JUAN'S SERENADE

(This group will be sung in Russ ian. )
Gary Levine, Bass-barito ne

I N T E R MI S S I O N

PART II
J. S. BACH

MEIN VERLANGEN

Komm, du süsse Todesstunde

from Cantata No. 161:

Richard Kasken, tenor

SCHUBERT

DIE JUN GE NONNE

SEI MIR GEGRÜSST
DER JUNGLING AN DER QUELLE

ERETCHEN AM SPINNRADDE

Beverly Penn, soprano

CLAIR DE LUNE

FAURÉ

COUNT'S ARIA AND RECITATIVE

MOZART

from "The Marriage of Figaro".
Michael Quinn, baritone

GREEN

DEBUSSY

LUCY'S ARIA

MENOTTI

from "The Telephone"

Mary Ann Ferraiolo, soprano

�</text>
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